What's a good way to help me figure out my password? I just changed it and now my iPhone won't take it in my gmail settings.
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I usually like to prove that I know the password by going directly to the source via a webpage. In this case, try to log in at gmail.com first. Once you’ve established the password is correct, then re add it on the phone. That way you can eliminate the mistyping/incorrect guesses using the phone keyboard which can cause its own problems.

Next, just delete then re add the account.
To re add the email account:

Settings/Mail/accounts/add account/ select the Google option.